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<p>Today, in general, one can't go to college and expect to graduate with a degree in front-end engineering. And, I rarely hear of or meet front-end developers who suffered through what is likely a deprecated computer science degree or graphic design degree to end up writing HTML, CSS, and JavaScript professionally. From my perspective, most of the people working on the front-end today generally seem to be self-taught from the ground up or cross over into the front-end space from design or computer science fields.</p>
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<p>If you were to set out today to become a front-end developer I would loosely strive to follow the process outlined below (Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 will dive into more details on learning resources).</p>
<p>A basic to advanced understanding of HTML, CSS, DOM, JavaScript, HTTP/URL, and web browsers is assumed for any type of professional front-end developer role.</p>
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<p>Beyond the skills just mentioned, a front-end developer might also be specifically skilled in one or more of the following:</p>
<p>Generally speaking, front-end technologies can run on the aforementioned operating systems and devices using the following run time web platform scenarios:</p>
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<p>The term "Full-Stack" developer has come to take on several meanings. So many, that not one meaning is clear when the term is used. Just consider the results from the two surveys shown below. These results might lead one to believe that being a full-stack developer is commonplace. But, in my almost 20 years of experience, this is anything but the case in a professional context.</p>
<p>The roles to design and develop a website or web application require a deep set of skills and vast experience in the area of visual design, UI/interaction design, <ahref="https://github.com/kamranahmedse/developer-roadmap#-front-end-roadmap" target="_blank">front-end development</a>, and <ahref="https://github.com/kamranahmedse/developer-roadmap#-back-end-roadmap" target="_blank">back-end development</a>. Any person who can fill one or more of these 4 roles at a professional level is an extremely rare commodity.</p>
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<p>Pragmatically, you should seek to be, or seek to hire, an expert in one of these roles (i.e. Visual Design, Interaction Design/IA, Front-end Dev, Back-end Dev). Those who claim to operate at an expert level at one or more of these roles are exceptionally rare.</p>
<imgalt="How the internet works" src="assets/images/how-the-internet-works.jpg" title="https://www.helloitsliam.com/2014/12/20/how-the-internet-works-infographic/">
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<imgalt="How the internet works" data-src="assets/images/how-the-internet-works.jpg" title="https://www.helloitsliam.com/2014/12/20/how-the-internet-works-infographic/">
<h4id="evolution-of-browsers--web-technologies-ie-apis">Evolution of Browsers & Web Technologies (i.e., APIs)</h4>
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<p>The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical distributed naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participating entities. Most prominently, it translates domain names, which can be easily memorized by humans, to the numerical IP addresses needed for the purpose of computer services and devices worldwide. The Domain Name System is an essential component of the functionality of most Internet services because it is the Internet's primary directory service.</p>
<p>Search engine optimization (SEO) is the process of affecting the visibility of a website or a web page in a search engine's unpaid results — often referred to as "natural," "organic," or "earned" results. In general, the earlier (or higher ranked on the search results page), and more frequently a site appears in the search results list, the more visitors it will receive from the search engine's users. SEO may target different kinds of search, including image search, local search, video search, academic search, news search and industry-specific vertical search engines.</p>
<p>The BOM (Browser Object Model) and the DOM (Document Object Model) are not the only browser APIs that are made available on the web platform inside of browsers. Everything that is not specifically the DOM or BOM, but an interface for programming the browser could be considered a web or browser API (tragically in the past some of these APIs have been called HTML5 APIs which confuses their own specifics/standardize with the actual HTML5 specification specifying the HTML5 markup language). Note that web or browser APIs do include device APIs (e.g., <ahref="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Navigator/getBattery" target="_blank"><code>Navigator.getBattery()</code></a>) that are available through the browser on tablet and phones devices.</p>
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<p>You should be aware of and learn, where appropriate, web/browser APIs. A good tool to use to familiarize oneself with all of these APIs would be to investigate the <ahref="https://html5test.com/compare/browser/index.html" target="_blank">HTML5test.com results for the 5 most current browsers</a>.</p>
<p>A website or web application can run on a wide range of computers, laptops, tablets and phones, as well as a handful of new devices (watches, thermostats, fridges, etc.). How you determine what devices you'll support and how you will develop to support those devices is called, "multi-device development strategy". Below, I list the most common multi-device development strategies.</p>
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<p>I recommending using <ahref="https://code.visualstudio.com/" target="_blank">Visual Studio Code</a> because of the quality of the tool and the continuous improvements made to the editor that likely won't stop or slow due to the fact that Microsoft is behind the tool. It is widely used:</p>
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